Haptic force modules leveraging captive ferrofluid to enhance strength & avoid thermal limits. High force density, bandwidth at low voltages. Physics-based control renders single actuators spatially expressive - expansion, contraction, and projection.

Dandu, Shao, Visell, Rendering Spatiotemporal Haptic Effects via the Physics of Waves in the Skin. IEEE Trans. Haptics, 2020.

Best Journal Paper Award, IEEE Trans. on Haptics, 2020.